The reaction involves the acylation of benzene (or many other aromatic rings) with an acyl chloride using a strong Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium chloride or Iron(III) chloride. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. GSH is involved with the formation of phenylmercapturic acid. ; T = 322.05, 351.15 K. p = 0.1 MPa. Chem. It is a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of many materials. What is the formula for specific heat? [all data], Findenegg, Gruber, et al., 1965 Energy released when benzene converts from 100oC to 80oC (in this range it is gas as temperature>Boiling . [97] Benzene causes chromosomal aberrations in the peripheral blood leukocytes and bone marrow explaining the higher incidence of leukemia and multiple myeloma caused by chronic exposure. [83] The maximum allowable amount of benzene in workroom air during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek is 1 ppm. [all data], Grolier, Inglese, et al., 1982 Excess heat capacities of binary liquid mixtures determined with a Picker flow calorimeter, NBS, 1946, 36, 455-461. If benzene must be used in an experiment, it should be handled at all stages in a fume cupboard. Chem., 1965, 96, 669-678. Compt. With the global phaseout of leaded gasoline, benzene has made a comeback as a gasoline additive in some nations. The molecule is planar. [all data], Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, References. Andrews, D.H.; Lynn, G.; Johnston, J., [88][89] In September 1995, NIOSH issued a new policy for developing recommended exposure limits (RELs) for substances, including carcinogens. Wilhelm, E.; Faradjzadeh, A.; Grolier, J.-P.E., Good, W.D. Measurement of thermal properties of liquids with an AC heated-wire technique, [101] After smoking 32 cigarettes per day, the smoker would take in about 1.8 milligrams (mg) of benzene. We don't save this data. For other uses, see, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, Biological oxidation and carcinogenic activity, Critics pointed out a problem with Kekul's original (1865) structure for benzene: Whenever benzene underwent substitution at the ortho position, two distinguishable isomers should have resulted, depending on whether a double bond or a single bond existed between the carbon atoms to which the substituents were attached; however, no such isomers were observed. 11,960) for the fractional distillation of coal tar. Rover's Latest Discovery Puts It 'On the Table', "Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars", "A Crystallographic Study of Solid Benzene by Neutron Diffraction", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, "Electronic structure of the benzene molecule", "Unicode Character 'BENZENE RING' (U+232C)", "Unicode Character 'BENZENE RING WITH CIRCLE' (U+23E3)", "Heterocyclic Chemistry: Heterocyclic Compounds", "A pervasive molecule is captured in a photograph", "Market Study: Benzene (2nd edition), Ceresana, August 2014", "Market Study: Toluene, Ceresana, January 2015", "Control of Hazardous Air Pollutants From Mobile Sources", "Traffic-related air pollution and the onset of myocardial infarction: disclosing benzene as a trigger? After exposure to 63 to 405mg/m3 of benzene for 1 to 5 hours, 51 to 87% was excreted in the urine as phenol over a period of 23 to 50 hours. Benzene - Thermophysical properties - Engineering ToolBox As a consequence, gasoline often contained several percent benzene before the 1950s, when tetraethyl lead replaced it as the most widely used antiknock additive. ; Daniels, A.C., [71] Highly instructive but of far less industrial significance is the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene (and many other aromatic rings) using an alkyl halide in the presence of a strong Lewis acid catalyst. Thermodynam., 1976, 8, 289-299. Similar problems were reported by the FDA in the United States.[104]. OSHA has also established an action level of 0.5 ppm to encourage even lower exposures in the workplace.[87]. The molecule is located on a crystallographic inversion center and the terminal aminophenoxy rings are almost perpendicular to the central benzene ring with a dihedral angle of 85.40 (4). It is dangerous to try to dispose of benzene by washing it down a sink, since it is toxic, will cause environmental damage, and presents a fire risk. [103], Under specific conditions and in the presence of other chemicals benzoic acid (a preservative) and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) may interact to produce benzene. Chemical Properties of Ethylbenzene (CAS 100-41-4) Czarnota, I., The reaction of the diazonium compound derived from aniline with hypophosphorus acid gives benzene. The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. The . Mitt. [all data], Burlew, 1940 Am. ), pp. Ethylbenzene | C6H5C2H5 or C8H10 | CID 7500 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities . Tanaka, R., ; Udovenko, W.W., Benzene - Wikipedia Derivatives of benzene occur sufficiently often as a component of organic molecules, so much so that the Unicode Consortium has allocated a symbol in the Miscellaneous Technical block with the code U+232C () to represent it with three double bonds,[62] and U+23E3 () for a delocalized version.[63]. 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20894 USA. All rights reserved. 1st Czech. In March 2006, the official Food Standards Agency in United Kingdom conducted a survey of 150 brands of soft drinks. Benzene Gas - Specific Heat vs. Temperature - Engineering ToolBox Thermal and volumetric properties of chloroform + benzene mixtures and the ideal associated solution model of complex formation, PDF Cambridge Assessment International Education Cambridge International ; Extrapolation below 90 K, 47.49 J/mol*K.; p = 0.1 MPa. Specific heat of sulphuric acid= 1.40 . Storage class Storage class (TRGS 510): 3: Flammable liquids 7.3 Specific end use(s) Apart from the uses mentioned in section 1.2 no other specific uses are stipulated SECTION 8: Exposure controls/personal protection Temp., 1983, 21(2), 270-275. [43], In 1929, the cyclic nature of benzene was finally confirmed by the crystallographer Kathleen Lonsdale using X-ray diffraction methods. [all data], Grolier, Wilhelm, et al., 1978 2. To accurately reflect the nature of the bonding, benzene is often depicted with a circle inside a hexagonal arrangement of carbon atoms. See, The word "benzoin" is derived from the Arabic expression ", Laurent, Auguste (1836) "Sur la chlorophnise et les acides chlorophnisique et chlorophnsique,". ; Nagano, Y., 5. Hazardous Combustion Products Carbon monoxide (CO). Staveley, L.A.K. specific heat liquid = 1.740 J/g C A 27.00 g sample of liquid benzene is initially at 41.30 C. These include cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), quinine oxidoreductase (NQ01 or DT-diaphorase or NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1)), GSH, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). In a human study 16.4 to 41.6% of retained benzene was eliminated through the lungs within five to seven hours after a two- to three-hour exposure to 47 to 110 ppm and only 0.07 to 0.2% of the remaining benzene was excreted unchanged in the urine. Acta, 1967, 37, 200-208. It was formerly used as parasiticide. J. Chem. Answered: The table lists the specific heat | bartleby Thermodynam., 1974, 6, 873-876. In addition to the standard 4 confined space gases which include combustibles, O2, CO, & H2S, the GX-6000 has 2 additional smart channels that accept . [18][19] In 1833, Eilhard Mitscherlich produced it by distilling benzoic acid (from gum benzoin) and lime. The use of mixing calorimeter for measuring heat capacities of liquids, Specific heat of benzene= 1.80 . Data table of specific heat capacity of liquids Please find below a table of common liquids and their specific heat capacity, aggregated from different sources. Soc., 1948, 70, 1502-1505. J. Short Commun. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. Specific gravity: 0.87 Principal hazards *** Benzene is a carcinogen (cancer-causing agent). ; Blanchard, E.R. He said that he had discovered the ring shape of the benzene molecule after having a reverie or day-dream of a snake biting its own tail (this is a common symbol in many ancient cultures known as the Ouroboros or endless knot). It is also used in water treatment chemicals, paper sizing, artificial sweeteners, flavor enhancers, cosmetics, and lubricants. and Informatics, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Electron-Impact Ionization Cross Sections (on physics web site), Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, version 4.1, NIST Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Structure Index, NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, "lite" edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data), NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data). ; Roux-Desgranges, G.; Berkane, M.; Jimenez, E.; Wilhelm, E., [20] In 1836, the French chemist Auguste Laurent named the substance "phne";[21] this word has become the root of the English word "phenol", which is hydroxylated benzene, and "phenyl", the radical formed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom (free radical H) from benzene. The heat capacities of benzene, methyl alcohol and glycerol at very low temperatures, Enhancement of upward facing spray cooling by benzene added water [42] If the anecdote is the memory of a real event, circumstances mentioned in the story suggest that it must have happened early in 1862. Follow us on Twitter Question, remark ? A method for the determination of the specific heats of liquids, and a determination of the specific heats of aniline and benzene over the approximate range 20C to 50C, The major sources of benzene exposure are tobacco smoke, automobile service stations, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions; however, ingestion and dermal absorption of benzene can also occur through contact with contaminated water. 9.11 Ratio of Specific Heats of Vapor (Gas): 1.061 9.12 Latent Heat of Vaporization: 169 Btu/lb = 94.1 cal/g = 3.94 X 105 J/kg [all data], Pacor, 1967 Shiohama, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S.; Fujihara, I., [17] Michael Faraday first isolated and identified benzene in 1825 from the oily residue derived from the production of illuminating gas, giving it the name bicarburet of hydrogen. Phosgene. Ramadevi Punyamurthy et al. on behalf of the United States of America. Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Johann Josef Loschmidt in 1861[36] suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure. Linking benzene rings gives biphenyl, C6H5C6H5. All rights reserved. Khim., 1941, 11, 471-482. Burlew, J.S., Alkyne trimerisation of acetylene gives benzene. J. 80.0C Boiling Point Melting Point Heat of Vaporization: Heat of Fusion 10.0C 10.0 kJ/mol 30.0 kJ/mol 100.0 J/mol K 90.0 J/mol K 70.0 J/mol K heat capacity . In 1855, Hofmann used the word "aromatic" to designate this family relationship, after a characteristic property of many of its members. Organic Chemistry - Specific Name Reactions. Compound Name: Benzene; Formula: C6H6; at Temperature: [all data], Maass and Walbauer, 1925 Maass, O.; Walbauer, L.J., (August 2007). These intermediates and metabolites induce genotoxicity by multiple mechanisms including inhibition of topoisomerase II (which maintains chromosome structure), disruption of microtubules (which maintains cellular structure and organization), generation of oxygen free radicals (unstable species) that may lead to point mutations, increasing oxidative stress, inducing DNA strand breaks, and altering DNA methylation (which can affect gene expression). ; Johnson, W.H. Standard Reference Data Act. Int. Phys. ; Simonov, V.M. Under these conditions, toluene undergoes dealkylation to benzene and methane: This irreversible reaction is accompanied by an equilibrium side reaction that produces ; Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid, Entropy of solid at standard conditions (1 bar), Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions, Enthalpy of formation of liquid at standard conditions. In particular, acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (AML & ANLL) is caused by benzene. The risk from exposure to 1 ppm for a working lifetime has been estimated as 5 excess leukemia deaths per 1,000 employees exposed. ; Wallace, J.H., Jr., London, 1933, 45, 194-207. Huffman, H.M.; Parks, G.S. The specific heat capacity of liquid water is 4.18 J/g-K. How many joules of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 5.00 g of water from 25.1C to 65.3C? The EPA requires that spills or accidental releases into the environment of 10 pounds (4.5kg) or more of benzene be reported. Khim., 1947, 17, 1999-2003. [44][45] Using large crystals of hexamethylbenzene, a benzene derivative with the same core of six carbon atoms, Lonsdale obtained diffraction patterns. The triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. Specific heat capacity of liquids - My Engineering Tools Contact China Manufactory Wuhan Kaimubuke Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd for the product BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE. J. Chem. Benzene is used mainly as an intermediate to make other chemicals, above all ethylbenzene (and other alkylbenzenes), cumene, cyclohexane, and nitrobenzene. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST Applicability of the DuPont 900 DTA apparatus in quantitative differential thermal analysis, [1]24, 1935, 107-115. Pyrolysis gasoline can be blended with other hydrocarbons as a gasoline additive, or routed through an extraction process to recover BTX aromatics (benzene, toluene and xylenes). Temperature and Pressure - Online calculator, figures and table showing density and specific weight of benzene, C 6 H 6, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 325 C (42 to 620 F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units. [106], The Nazis used benzene administered via injection as one of their many methods for killing. In the absence of the catalyst, benzene is impervious to hydrogen. . Cp values given for the pressure range 0.1 to 68.1 MPa. PubChem Substance ID. shall not be liable for any damage that may result from Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! Depending on the feedstock used to produce the olefins, steam cracking can produce a benzene-rich liquid by-product called pyrolysis gasoline. Data, 1989, 34, 332-335. It is produced by the oxidation of benzene or n-butane in the presence of vanadium oxide catalysts. Substantial quantities of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data link benzene to aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, bone marrow abnormalities and cardiovascular disease. [all data], Dejardin, 1919 Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure - Category 1. Cp,gas : Ideal gas heat capacity (J/molK).
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