Colonel (later General) Paul Tibbets was the pilot of the Enola Gay, the B-29 that dropped the "Little Boy" atomic bomb over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. [24] "By reputation", historian Stephen Ambrose wrote, Tibbets was "the best flier in the Army Air Force. He and Merle Haggard are 6th cousins, 1x removed. With his large number of social media fans, he often posts many personal photos and videos to interact with his huge fan base on social media platforms. The banks foreclosed on EJA in 1970, and Bruce Sundlun became president. Paul Tibbets: Hey, you've got to correct that. From August to November 1995, Tibbets was trained as T-38 pilot instructor at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, and then served as a T-38 instructor with the 394th Combat Training Squadron at Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. There is no question Paul Tibbets was the most famous & most loved celebrity of all the time. In February 1943, Tibbets returned to the United States to help with the development of the B-29 Superfortress bomber. His net worth has been growing significantly in 2021-2022. [35] Tibbets was told that he would be in charge of the 509th Composite Group, a fully self-contained organization of about 1,800 men, which would have 15 B-29s and a high priority for all kinds of military stores. Paul Tibbets's Timeline 1915 Feb 23rd Born in Quincy, Illinois. To supporters, Tibbets became known as a national hero who ended the war with Japan; to his detractors, he was a war criminal responsible for the deaths of many thousands of Japanese civilians. Personal touch and engage with his followers. [13] Tibbets had recently been given a battlefield promotion to colonel, but did not receive it, as such promotions had to be confirmed by a panel of officers. On that date, Captain Tibbets made aviation history by leading the world's first B-2 combat sortie without package support during Operation Allied Force. He was assigned to the 16th Observation Squadron following his graduation. [74], Tibbets died in his Columbus, Ohio, home on 1 November 2007, at the age of 92. Gen.. Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. was an American Second World War veteran who served the United States Air Force (USAF) as a brigadier general. He was married to Andrea P. Quattrehomme and Lucy Frances Wingate. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant and received his pilot rating in 1938 at Kelly Field in San Antonio. Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. was born in Quincy, Illinois, on 23 February 1915, the son of Paul Warfield Tibbets Sr. and his wife, Enola Gay Tibbets. Paul Tibbets, pilot who bombed Hiroshima, dies at 92 Updated January 04, 2023 10:44:57. Flight crews practiced dropping large dummy bombs modeled after the shape and size of the atomic bombs in order to prepare for their ultimate mission in Japan. The mind of the pilot whose B-29 dropped the first atomic bomb often seems more prisoner than resident of his bantamweight body wracked by injury, ailments and 90 years of living. For Tibbets, the war in North Africa introduced him to the realities of aerial warfare. 'One hell of a big bang' | Japan | The Guardian [8][60][72], Tibbets' grandson Paul W. Tibbets IV graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1989, and in April 2006 became commander of the 393rd Bomb Squadron, flying the B-2 Spirit at Whiteman AFB, Missouri. [38] Tibbets indicated that the decision on what aircraft to use to deliver the bomb was left to him. The professional competence, aerial skill, and devotion to duty displayed by Captain Tibbets reflect great credit upon himself and the United States Air Force. As the University of Florida had no medical school at that time, Tibbets completed his second year from the university and then took a transfer to the University of Cincinnati to finish his pre-med studies. An interview of Paul Tibbets can be seen in the 1982 movie The Atomic Cafe. He married Sarah Frost about 1726, in Dover Neck, Strafford, New Hampshire, British Colonial America. When Paul Tibbets was born on 26 June 1705, in Dover, Strafford, New Hampshire, British Colonial America, his father, Henry Tibbetts, was 30 and his mother, Joyce N. Otis, was 33. [13] He left Lucy and his sons behind in Alabama,[66] and he and Lucy divorced that year. Search instead in Creative? You said 89. Although Tibbets was too young to remember World War I, he does remember his father coming home in uniform, after serving overseas as a captain with the 33rd Infantry Division. [1] In June 1941, Tibbets transferred to the 9th Bombardment Squadron of the 3d Bombardment Group at Hunter Field, Savannah, Georgia, as the engineering officer, and flew the A-20 Havoc. Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. was born in Quincy, Illinois, on 23 February 1915, the son of Paul Warfield Tibbets Sr. and his wife, Enola Gay Tibbets. L'histoire du colonel Paul Tibbets, le pilote qui a largu la bombe atomique sur Hiroshima. Many considered him responsible for ending the war with Japan. [13], Tibbets returned to Maxwell Air Force Base, where he attended the Air War College. Paul Tibbets Net Worth 2023: Wiki Bio, Married, Dating, Family, Height See full bio Born: February 23, 1915 in Quincy, Illinois, USA During his career he participated in Operation Allied Force in the Balkans and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, and is one of the few pilots qualified to fly all three of the USAF's strategic bombers: the Rockwell B-1 Lancer, Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit and the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress. He attended the United States College of Naval Command and Staff at Newport, Rhode Island, from April 2002 to June 2003, from which he obtained a Master of Arts degree in National Security and Strategic Studies. Now we've had a nice lunch, you and I and your companion. Paul Tibbets was a retired Air Force brigadier general who flew the Enola Gay (named after his mother) when it dropped Little Boy, on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Spouse/Ex-: Andrea Quattrehomme, Lucy Wingate, children: Gene Tibbets, James Tibbets, Paul III Tibbets, place of death: Columbus, Ohio, United States, Founder/Co-Founder: 509th Composite Group, education: Western Military Academy, University of Florida, University of Cincinnati, awards: Distinguished Flying Cross Legionnaire of Legion of Merit Purple Heart, Air Medal Legion of Merit National Aviation Hall of Fame, See the events in life of Paul Tibbets in Chronological Order. He is best known as the pilot who flew the B-29 Superfortress known as the Enola Gay (named after his mother) when it dropped Little Boy, the first of two atomic bombs used in warfare, on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. For more on Tibbets, see Manhattan Project Spotlight: Paul Tibbets. Mrs. Anne Hopkins,. 1938 Received pilot training in San Antonio, TX. [5] They had two sons. [3] On 5 June 2015, he assumed command of the 509th Bomb Wing. Colonel (later General) Paul Tibbets was the pilot of the Enola Gay, the B-29 that dropped the "Little Boy" atomic bomb over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. He said that he had not intended for the re-enactment to insult the Japanese people. 1943 Flew Major General Mark W. Clark from Polebook to Gibraltar. His body was cremated because he had earlier instructed that no funeral was to be held and no headstone was to be constructed for him, as he was skeptical that his resting place could be used by opponents of the bombing for protests and destruction. Tibbets was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross by Major General Carl Spaatz immediately after landing on Tinian. After receiving basic flight training at Randolph Field in San Antonio, Texas in 1937, Tibbets quickly rose through the ranks to become commanding officer of the 340thBombardment Squadronof the97th Bombardment Group. We have estimated [48] Project Alberta's "Destination Team" also sent most of its members to Tinian to supervise the assembly, loading, and dropping of the bombs under the administrative title of 1st Technical Services Detachment, Miscellaneous War Department Group. It dawned on Tibbets that:.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, I am just like that if I get to thinking about some innocent person getting hit on the ground. Tibbets chose the Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, from the three options of bases given to him for this top-secret project. When he was five years old, his family moved to Davenport, Iowa and later to Des Moines. Paul Tibbets, the Ace Pilot Who Bombed Hiroshima | Fighter Sweep [9] Due to fears that German U-boats might enter Tampa Bay and bombard MacDill Field, the 29th Bombardment Group moved to Savannah. Robert Taylor, who had earned a flying license before the war and went into naval aviation as an instructor, played Paul Tibbets; Eleanor Parker played his wife, Lucy. I. Courtesy of the Joseph Papalia Collection. Bonsai worked at the 100-F Area at Hanford during the Manhattan Project. Tibbets passed away on November 1, 2007. [92], In 1976, the United States government apologized to Japan after Tibbets re-enacted the bombingcomplete with a mushroom cloudin a restored B-29 at an air show in Texas. The group commander, Lieutenant Colonel Cornelius W. Cousland,[16] was replaced by Colonel Frank A. Armstrong Jr., who appointed Tibbets as his deputy. By Eric Malnic. Courtesy of the Joseph Papalia Collection. Courtesy of the Joseph Papalia Collection. Tibbets commenced terminal leave on 19 October 2018,[7][8][9] and he retired on 1 December 2018.[3]. I don't care whether you are dropping atom bombs, or 100-pound bombs, or shooting a rifle. On August 5, 1945 Tibbets formally named his B-29 Enola Gay after his mother. Air Force general to retire after probe finds misconduct [70] He retired from the United States Air Force (USAF) on 31 August 1966. with Robert Taylor starring as Tibbets and Eleanor Parker as his first wife, Lucy. Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. was born on February 23, 1915, in Quincy, Illinois. Died Nov. 1, 2007.General Tibbets was born in Quincy, Ill., in 1915. Gene Tibbets, son of Brigadier General Paul Tibbets, in an exclusive interview with WSFA 12 News. Tibbets was promoted to colonel in January 1945[39] and brought his wife and family along with him to Wendover. In the 1950s, he was involved in the development of the Boeing B-47 Stratojet and also held the command of the 308th Bombardment Wing and the 6th Air Division. He served as a military attach in India for a couple of years. In accordance with his wishes, his body was cremated,[78] and his ashes were scattered over the English Channel;[79] he had flown over the Channel many times during the war. In his later years, he would draw the ire and criticism of nuclear activists something he would make no apologies for. I am supposed to be a bomber pilot and destroy a target. 35, Tibbets, with Robert A. Lewis as his co-pilot, flew the bomber from the North Field and reached Hiroshima after 6 hours. Northumberland man was navigator on Enola Gay crew Scroll Down and find everything about him. Paul W. Tibbets Jr., Pilot of Enola Gay, Dies at 92 In early 1942, he was made the commanding officer of the 97th Bombardment Groups 340th Bombardment Squadron. In July that year, the group emerged as the Eighth Air Forces first heavy bombardment group that was to be deployed to the U.K. Posted at RAF Polebrook, the group received intensive training during the first week of August that year. He was seen as a national hero who had ended the war with Japan. Paul Warfield Tibbets, Jr. (1915 - 2007) - Genealogy - geni family tree He graduated from Western Military Academy in Alton, Ill., in 1933, and later attended the University of Florida and the . Discover Paul Tibbets's Biography, Age, Height, Physical Stats, Dating/Affairs, Family and career updates. Following this, he was inducted into the Directorate of Requirements at the Air Force Headquarters at the Pentagon. He was made the director of the Strategic Air Division of the Directorate of Requirements.. Elmira's connection with Paul Tibbets Jr. and the Enola Gay Brig. There, he served as an engineering officer and flew the A-20 Havoc. He was elevated to the position of captain later. Early life [ edit] Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. (23 February 1915 1 November 2007) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force. Lucy Tibbets - Historical records and family trees - MyHeritage His next assignment was to the Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, where he subsequently served as director of the Strategic Air Division. He died in West Monroe, Louisiana, in 2016. Still no regrets for frail Enola Gay pilot (Col. Paul Tibbets) But my one driving interest was to do the best job I could so that we could end the killing as quickly as possible. In his later years, he. Paul Tibbets, Jr. (1915 2007) rose to brigadier generalin theUnited States Air Force. [45], The ground support echelon of the 509th Composite Group received movement orders and moved by rail on 26 April 1945, to its port of embarkation at Seattle, Washington. [31][32], After a year of developmental testing of the B-29, Tibbets was assigned in March 1944 as director of operations of the 17th Bombardment Operational Training Wing (Very Heavy), a B-29 training unit based at Grand Island Army Air Field, Nebraska, and commanded by Armstrong. Trusted by millions of genealogists since 2003. . He was in charge of the Air Force Inspection Agency at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, from July 2011 to July 2013. Father of Barbara Ann Hansen and Gen. Paul Warfield Tibbets, Jr. He retired from the company in 1987. To the end of his days, Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. believed that dropping the first atomic . Gen. Paul W. Tibbets Jr., the commander and pilot of the Enola Gay, the B-29 Superfortress that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima in the final days of World War II, died yesterday at his. He was also interviewed in the 1970s British documentary series The World at War. "[59][60] "I knew when I got the assignment," he told a reporter in 2005, "it was going to be an emotional thing. In 1995, he denounced the 50th anniversary exhibition of the Enola Gay at the Smithsonian Institution, which attempted to present the bombing in context with the destruction it caused, as a "damn big insult",[59] due to its focus on the Japanese casualties rather than the brutality of the Japanese government. Parents and Siblings. At the time, he thought to himself, "People are getting killed down there that don't have any business getting killed. He was born on 1 November 2007, in Columbus, Ohio.Columbus is a beautiful and populous city located in Columbus, Ohio United States of America. At age 5, he relocated with his family to Iowa, where his father worked as a confections wholesaler. . Paul Tibbets: The Man Who Piloted the Enola Gay - Warfare History Network On this date Colonel Tibbets flew a B-29 type aircraft in a daring daylight strike against the city of Hiroshima on the main island of Honshu, Japan, from a base in the Marianas Islands carrying for the first time a type of bomb totally new to modern warfare. Underwood worked at the 200 West Area at Hanford during the Manhattan Project. It was during this period that the Operation Crossroads took place, with Tibbets participating as technical adviser to the Air Force commander. [8][76] He was survived by his French-born wife, Andrea,[77] and two sons from his first marriage, Paul III and Gene as well as his son, James, from his second marriage. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, he flew anti-submarine patrols over the Atlantic. Paul Tibbets IV was promoted to brigadier general in 2014, and became Deputy Director for Nuclear Operations at the Global Operations Directorate of the United States Strategic Command at Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska. Discover today's celebrity birthdays and explore famous people who share your birthday. For his service in Operation Allied Force, Tibbets was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. And he remembers moving around quite a bit when he was a boy. Paul Harrison Tibbitt IV is a former SpongeBob SquarePants crew member. After the war, he participated in the Operation Crossroads nuclear weapon tests at Bikini Atoll in mid-1946, and was involved in the development of the Boeing B-47 Stratojet in the early 1950s. Husband of Enola Gay Tibbets. At one point, Tibbets found that Lucy had co-opted a scientist to unplug a drain. Wilson had no combat experience and was qualified primarily because of his engineering background and association with the project. So I got you beat by three years. You said 89. On hand for this. An interview I did many years ago with Paul Tibbets, at my Weeks Air Museum in Miami, Florida. He is best known as the pilot who flew the B-29 Superfortress known as the Enola Gay (named after his mother) when it dropped Little Boy, the first of two atomic bombs used in warfare, on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.. Tibbets enlisted in the United States Army in 1937 and . [91] Tibbets figured largely in the 2000 book Duty: A Father, His Son and the Man Who Won the War by Bob Greene of the Chicago Tribune. Paul Tibbetss income source is mostly from being a successful Actor. I was instructed to perform a military mission to drop the bomb. A few weeks later, Tibbets flew the Supreme Allied Commander, Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower, to Gibraltar. He does look like an old man, but not a 90-year-old man. Of the 108 aircraft in the raid, 33 were shot down or had to turn back due to mechanical problems. Tibbets enlisted in the United States Army in 1937 and qualified as a pilot in 1938. [53] The regularly assigned aircraft commander, Robert A. Lewis, was unhappy to be displaced by Tibbets for this important mission, and became furious when he arrived at the airfield on the morning of 6 August to see the aircraft he considered his painted with the now-famous nose art. The 320th Troop Carrier Squadron kept its base of operations at Wendover. He boarded an airplane in 1927. "[61], The 509th Composite Group returned to the United States on 6 November 1945, and was stationed at Roswell Army Airfield, New Mexico. [1][2], In the late 1920s, business issues forced Tibbets's family to return to Alton, Illinois, where he graduated from Western Military Academy in 1933. Hiroshima Bomber Paul Tibbets did not once repent the heinous action [63] Tibbets was a technical advisor to the 1946 Operation Crossroads nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific, but he and his Enola Gay crew were not chosen to drop another atomic bomb. When he was eight, his family moved to Hialeah, Florida, to escape from harsh midwestern winters. Tibbets enlisted in the army in 1937 and qualified . [30], Working with the Boeing plant in Wichita, Kansas, Tibbets test-flew the B-29 and soon accumulated more flight time in it than any other pilot. Studs Terkel: I know. His citation read: The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 2, 1926, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Flying Cross to Captain Paul W. Tibbets IV, United States Air Force, for extraordinary achievement while participating in aerial flight as a B-2 Mission Commander, at or near Yugoslavia, on 8 April 1999. Robert A. Lewis. The Army Air Forces received the B-29-45-MO with the serial number 44-86292 on May 18 and the 509th assigned it to crew B-9 commanded by Capt. He was the pilot of the B-29 Superfortress "Enola Gay", which dropped the atomic bomb "Little Boy" on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Explore Paul Tibbets Wiki Age, Height, Biography as Wikipedia, Wife, Family relation. According to the orders received in December 1941, Tibbets joined the 29th Bombardment Group at MacDill Field, Florida, and took training on the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress.. Paul Warfield Tibbets IV (born 21 November 1966) is a former United States Air Force brigadier general. He then became commander of the Proof Test Division at Eglin Air Force Base in Valparaiso, Florida, where flight testing of the B-47 was conducted. Norstad backed down, and the mission was successfully flown at 20,000 feet (6,100m). Tibbets was born in . He was 92. Listen to Paul Tibbets's Oral History on Voices of the Manhattan Project, Manhattan Project Spotlight: Paul Tibbets. Instead, he decided to enlist in the United States Army and become a pilot in the United States Army Air Corps. Tibbets did not inform his family or his commanding officer, and the couple arranged for the notice to be kept out of the local newspaper. He then attended the University of Florida in Gainesville, and became an initiated member of the Epsilon Zeta chapter of Sigma Nu fraternity in 1934. . He was 92 and insisted . At 08:15 local time, they dropped the atomic bomb, code-named Little Boy, over Hiroshima. Gen. Paul Tibbets, Jr. - Veterans Funeral Care This was not Tibbets's regular aircraft, Red Gremlin, nor his regular crew, which included bombardier Thomas Ferebee and navigator Theodore Van Kirk, who later flew with him in Enola Gay. The family again shifted to Hialeah, Florida, when Tibbets was 8. [1], After graduation, Tibbets was assigned to the 16th Observation Squadron, which was based at Lawson Field, Georgia, with a flight supporting the Infantry School at nearby Fort Benning. Famously known by the Family name Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr., was a great United States Air Force pilot. [68] They had a son, James Tibbets. Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. was born Feb. 23, 1915, in Quincy, Ill. and spent most of his boyhood in Miami. Pilot of plane that bombed Hiroshima dies - NBC News In February 1942, he became the commanding officer of the 340th Bombardment Squadron of the 97th Bombardment Group, which was equipped with the Boeing B-17. Brig. Born on 1 November 2007, the United States Air Force pilot Paul Tibbets was arguably the worlds most influential social media star. This article is about the WWII United States Air Force pilot. Furthermore, two representatives from Washington, D.C. were present on the island:[44] the deputy director of the Manhattan Project, Brigadier General Thomas Farrell, and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell of the Military Policy Committee. "Hiroshima; Enola Gay's Crew Recalls The Flight Into a New Era", Paul Tibbets interviewed in 1982 by Ann Blythe, Paul Tibbet interviewed by Kermit Weeks at Weeks Air Museum, Florida, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Tibbets&oldid=1136780636, People associated with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, United States Army Air Forces bomber pilots of World War II, Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States), Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States), Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 February 2023, at 02:47. [19] On 9 October 1942, Tibbets led the first American raid of more than 100 bombers in Europe, attacking industrial targets in the French city of Lille. Tibbets was made the deputy of Colonel Frank A. Armstrong Jr. after the latter replaced group commander Lieutenant Colonel Cornelius W. Cousland. The atomic bomb, code-named "Little Boy", was dropped over Hiroshima at 08:15 local time. deRussy. National Museum of Nuclear Science & History. Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. was an American Second World War veteran who served the 'United States Air Force' (USAF) as a brigadier general. Pilot launched Atomic Age over Hiroshima. Tibbets was chosen to fly Major General Mark W. Clark and Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower to Gibraltar. He, however, dropped out from the university after 1.5 years, to become a pilot in the United States Army Air Corps. He then got enlisted in the United States Army.. Frederick Ashworth and Paul Tibbets prior to takeoff. [5] In February 2014, he became Deputy Director for Nuclear Operations at the United States Strategic Command, at Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska, where he was responsible for the nuclear mission of the nation's ballistic missile submarines, intercontinental ballistic missiles, and strategic bombers. Lucy F Wingate was born circa 1907, at birth place, . He said that he saw the real effects of bombing civilians and the trauma of losing his brothers in arms. Paul Tibbets was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force. One day his mother agreed to pay one dollar to get him into an airplane at the local carnival. Paul Tibbets | Military Wiki | Fandom [41], On 6 March 1945 (concurrent with the activation of Project Alberta), the 1st Ordnance Squadron, Special (Aviation) was activated at Wendover, again using Army Air Forces personnel on hand or already at Los Alamos. You can find out how much net worth Paul has this year and how he spent his expenses. , money, salary, income, and assets. C. E. Centerworked for theUnion Carbide & Carbon Corporation. He was seen as one of the most successful United States Air Force pilot of all times. Children James Tibbets, Gene Tibbets, Paul III Tibbets Spouse Andrea Quattrehomme (m. 1956-2007), Lucy Wingate (m. 1938-1955) Books Return of the Enola Gay, The Tibbets story, Tibbets Story Mission Hiroshim In the first weeks of August 1942, under the tutelage of Royal Air Force veterans, the group received intensive training for its first mission. When Tibbets was eight years old, his family moved once again, to Miami, Florida. [13] In 1964, Tibbets was named military attach in India. So I got you beat by three years. You can scroll down for information about his Social media profiles. [13] When the head of the directorate, Brigadier General Thomas S. Power, was posted to London as air attach, he was replaced by Brigadier General Carl Brandt. Paul III was born in 1940, in Columbus, Georgia, and graduated from Huntingdon College and Auburn University. [64], Tibbets then attended the Air Command and Staff School at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. Gen. Paul W. Tibbets IV will retire on Dec. 1, after not being allowed to pin on his second star and receiving a letter of admonishment, an Air Force spokeswoman said in response to a. He was already an experienced B-29 pilot, which made him an ideal candidate for the top-secret project. General Tibbets is a command pilot with more than 4,000 flying hours. ST: I know. See, I'm 90. Paul Tibbets net worth is $15 Million Paul Tibbets Wiki: Salary, Married, Wedding, Spouse, Family Paul Warfield Tibbets, Jr. (February 23, 1915 - November 1, 2007) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force, best known as the pilot of the Enola Gay - named for his mother - the first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb in the history of warfare.
Jenny Clare Model Wiki,
Oregon Board Of Nursing Application Status,
Why Does My Passport Look Different Than My Husband's,
Why Did Rick's Restoration Close,
The Hockey Guy Shannon,
Articles P