Autotrophic organisms convert inorganic molecules into organic compounds. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Chemotroph - Wikipedia Microbial growth and survival in extremes of environment Society for Applied Bacteriology Technical Series Academic Press London. We therefore analyzed the diversity and functions of bacterial communities on the surfaces of one biochar and two different MEBs after a 140-day incubation in soil. Aerobic nitrogen-fixing organisms must devise special conditions or arrangements in order to protect their enzyme. Botanische Zeitung, 46, 261270. 32 567571, Broda, E. 1977aThe position of nitrate respiration in evolution Origins of Life 8 173174, Broda, E. 1977bTwo kinds of lithotrophs missing in nature Z. Allg. <<2BA946479B978D4B846C4D95FC028DE9>]/Prev 510177/XRefStm 2347>> https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/chemoautotrophic-and-chemolithotrophic-bacteria, "Chemoautotrophic and Chemolithotrophic Bacteria 169 460463, Stanley, S. H., Dalton, H. 1982 Role of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in Methylococcus capsulatus J. Gen. Microbiol. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9212-1_53, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Reference Module Physical and Materials Science, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. 59 29182926, Wachtershauser, G. 1988 Before enzymes and templates: theory of surface metabolism Microbiol. 10 209212, Fromageot, C., Senez, J. C. 1960 Aerobic and anaerobic reactions of inorganic substances M. Florkin and H. S. Mason (ed.) 3 Williams and Wilkins Baltimore. Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. 0000060407 00000 n 2019 May 20;7(1):77. doi: 10.1186/s40168-019-0693-7. Appl. Microbial Physiology 10 CrossRef Chemoorganotrophic growth of Nitrobacter agilis Arch. van Verseveld, H. W., Stouthamer, A. H. 1978. For clarity, only the immediate neighborhood of the OTU0001s clade is shown. 166 368371, Jannasch, H. W., Wirsen, C. O. Bio. Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11th edn. In: Schwartz, W., (ed. Trends Ecol. Chemolithotrophy A lithoautotroph is an organism which derives energy from reactions of reduced compounds of mineral (inorganic) origin. Baas Becking, L. G. M., Parks, G. S. 1927 Energy relations in the metabolism of autotrophic bacteria Physiol. Plants, animals, and other organisms rely on bacteria and archaea to provide nitrogen in a fixed form, since no eukaryote is known that can fix nitrogen. In: Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, KH., Stackebrandt, E. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. 0000001571 00000 n Ecol. Botanische Zeitung, 45, 489507, 513523. Botanische Zeitung 45:489600, 606616. Would you like email updates of new search results? Render date: 2023-03-05T01:35:09.015Z Chemolithotrophy is the oxidation of inorganic chemicals for the generation of energy. ), Companion to microbiology. The phylogeny of autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences, Quantification of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in arable soil by real-time PCR, Evidence that particulate methane monooxygenase and ammonia monooxygenase may be evolutionarily related, Enzymology of the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite by bacteria, A survey of 16 S rRNA and amoA genes related to autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria of the beta-subdivision of the class proteobacteria in contaminated groundwater, Mathematical modeling of autotrophic denitrification in a nitrifying biofilm of a rotating biological contactor, Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria: a model for molecular microbial ecology. Kondratieva, E. N., Zhukov, V. G., Ivanovsky, R. N., Petushkova, Yu. Lett. Bacteriol. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. These chemoautotrophs oxidize ammonia (NH3) to nitrate (NO3-). dkNET Office Hours - "Are You Ready for 2023: New NIH Data Management and Sha REGENERATIVE BRAKING IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES.pptx, Easy-handling carbon nanotubes decorated poly(arylene ether nitrile).pdf, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. Front Plant Sci. Evol. 15 340351, Ishii, M., Miyake, T., Satoh, T., Sugiyama, H., Oshima, Y., Igarashi, Y. @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. (eds. These bacteria (220 species of 60 genera) can use a large variety of compounds as electron donors and to mediate electron flow . 164 180185, Evans, M. C. W., Buchanan, B. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Chemotrophs can be found in areas where electron donors are present in high concentration, for instance around hydrothermal vents. Microbiol. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2: 305307. Google Scholar, Bak, F., Cypionka, H. 1987 A novel type of energy metabolism involving fermentation of inorganic sulfur compounds Nature 326 891892, Bak, F., Pfennig, N. 1987 Chemolithotrophic growth of Desulfovibrio sulfodismutans sp. 7 85106, CAS 23 338364, Volkl, P., Huber, R., Drobner, E., Rachel, R., Burggraf, S., Trincone, A. and Eikelboom type 021 N bacteria) isolated from wastewater-treatment plants and description of Thiothrix eikelboomii sp. Specifically, an organism that is described as being aerobic (or an aerobe) means that t, Chemistry: States of Matter: Solids, Liquids, Gases, and Plasma, Chemistry: Molecular Structure and Stereochemistry, Chemistry: Fermentation: A Cultural Chemistry, Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and the Conservation of Mass and Energy, Chemistry: Biochemistry: The Chemistry of Life, Chemistry: Applications in Espionage, Intelligence, and Security Issues, Chemoautotrophic and Chemolithotrophic Bacteria as Weathering Agents. Bacteriol. 1957 The origin of life on the Earth Oliver and Boyd Edinburgh. Rev. 0000004053 00000 n Published online by Cambridge University Press: Find out more about saving to your Kindle. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. 8600 Rockville Pike 1977 Evaluation of continuous chemostat cultivation of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on ferrous iron or tetrathionate W. Schwartz (ed.) Electrons from these electron donors are transferred to coenzyme Q or to cytochromes. B. Iron-oxidizing bacteria are chemotrophic bacteria that derive energy by oxidizing dissolved ferrous iron. A. Justin, P., Kelly, D. P. 1978. Chemolithotrophs include organisms that exhibit extraordinary diversity in the range of substrates metabolized by different genera, in their modes of carbon nutrition, and in the variety of morphology and habitat. Microbiol. Appl. Springer, New York, NY. Lett. Differences in microbial diversity and environmental factors in ploughing-treated tobacco soil. 17. Evidence for the presence of ribulose 1,5-bisphos-phate carboxylase and phosphoribulokinase in Methylo-coccus capsulatus (Bath). Autotrophic bacteria Springer-Verlag Berlin and Science Tech Publishers Madison WI 1732, Zillig, W., Yeats, S., Holz, I., Bck, A., Gropp, F., Rettenberger, M., Lutz, S. 1985 Plasmid-related anaerobic autotrophy of the novel archaebacterium Sulfolobus ambivalens Nature 313 789791, Zillig, W., Yeats, S., Holz, I., Bck, A., Rettenberger, M., Gropp, F., Simon, G. 1986 Desulfurolobus ambivalens gen. nov., sp. Rev. To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org The term Chemolithotrophy refers to the gain of energy for cell biosynthesis and maintenance from the oxidation of inorganic compounds (= electron donors), in the absence of light (Kelly and Wood, 2006). Chemoautotrophs can use inorganic energy sources such as hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, ferrous iron, molecular hydrogen, and ammonia or organic sources to produce energy. 0000082072 00000 n Journal of Bacteriology 91:10621069. 153 105110, Brierley, J. 52 452484, Wachtershauser, G. 1990a The case for the chemo-autotrophic origin of life in an iron-sulfur world Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 20 173176, Wachtershauser, G. 1990b Evolution of the first metabolic cycles Proc. BERGEY'S MANUAL & IT'S CLASSIFICATION Presented By- Bidisha Mandal. J. Syst. Lewis, A. J., Miller, D. J. D. 1977. Natl. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans: A study of some of the factors governing the growth and physiology of continuous and batch cultures on ferrous iron. 2264 0 obj <> endobj Biotechnol. } Chem. bacteria 1993 Pyrobaculum aerophilum sp. 1966 A new ferredoxin-dependent carbon reduction cycle in a photosynthetic bacterium Proc. The SlideShare family just got bigger. J. Syst. Metabolic reconstructions of the three dominant bacteria (that is, Gama1, Oxal1 and Thio1) on biochar and mineral-enriched biochar particles. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. B., Revsbech, N. P. 1986b Growth pattern and yield of chemoautotrophic Beggiatoa sp. 0000007777 00000 n Water as the source of oxidant and reductant in bacterial chemosynthesis. and Metabolism Brierley, J. : microelectrode survey of marine and freshwater strains Appl. General Microbiology by Linda Bruslind is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. 3 (microbial nutrition and cultivation), photosynthetic microorganisms (microbial metabolism), Chemoheterotrophs and photosynthetic microorganism, Basic Energy Yielding Mechanism of Chemoautotrophic & Photoautotrophic Bacteria, Energy from visible radiation-Cyanobacteria, Electron uptake by iron oxidizing phototrophic bacteria, Chemoautotrophsand photosynthetic eubacteria, FERMENTATIONS , PHOTOSYNTHESIS & NITROGEN FIXATION, B.Sc Micro II Microbial physiology Unit 1 Bacterial Photosynthesis, Biosorption Tool for enviromental cleaning by microorganisms, SBES College of Science, Aurangabad. nov., a new species of thiocyanate-utilizing facultative chemolithotroph, and transfer of Thiobacillus versutus to the genus Paracoccus as Paracoccus versutus comb. Society for Applied Bacteriology Technical Series No. But, chemoautotrophs and chemolithotrophs do not usually face competition from other microorganisms , so the energy they are able to obtain is sufficient to sustain their existence. The term chemolithotroph literally means "rock eaters" and is used to designate organisms that generate energy by the oxidation of inorganic molecules for biosynthesis or energy conservation via aerobic or anaerobic respiration. What roles do bacteria/archaea play in the nitrogen cycle? ATP is gained by the process of oxidative phosphorylation, using an ETC, PMF, and ATP synthase. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. 0000021093 00000 n endstream endobj 2324 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/Index[103 2161]/Length 66/Size 2264/Type/XRef/W[1 1 1]>>stream Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Winogradsky, S., 1888. 0000017694 00000 n please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. [1] Two types of lithoautotrophs are distinguished by their energy source; photolithoautotrophs derive their energy from light while chemolithoautotrophs (chemolithotrophs or chemoautotrophs) derive their . Zeitschrift fr Allgemeine Mikrobiologie 17:491493. 0000004937 00000 n Chemoautotrophic bacteria and chemolithotrophic bacteria obtain their energy from the oxidation of inorganic (non-carbon) compounds. For example, in recent years scientists have studied a cave near Lovell, Wyoming. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The nitrogen cycle depicts the different ways in which nitrogen, an essential element for life, is used and converted by organisms for various purposes. Whereas there is no known macrofauna possessing the capability of chemolithotrophy, some animals such as particular tubeworms and bivalves can form symbioses with chemolithotrophs, (e.g., at cold seeps or in hydrothermal environments). Chemoautotrophs include bacteria, fungi , animals, and protozoa . Bacteriol. 0000015112 00000 n A., Brierley, C. L. 1968 Urea as a nitrogen source of thiobacilli J. Bacteriol. abundant at hydrothermal vents of the Guaymas Basin Appl. Jones, C. A. 1996 Autotrophic carbon dioxide fixation in Acidanus brierleyi Arch. Google Scholar. J. Syst. Lett. Thauer, R. K., Jungermann, K., Decker, K. 1977. of your Kindle email address below. All three surface-enriched bacteria also had the capacity to fix carbon dioxide, either in a potentially strictly autotrophic or mixotrophic manner. Inorganic nitrogen metabolism in bacteria, Structure and function of a nitrifying biofilm as determined by in situ hybridization and the use of microelectrodes, Electron transfer during the oxidation of ammonia by the chemolithotrophic bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Bioenergetics, Microbial nitrogen cycles: physiology, genomics and applications, Characterization of an operon encoding two c-type cytochromes, an aa3-type cytochrome oxidase, and rusticyanin in Thiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 33020, Anaerobic sulfide-oxidation in marine colorless sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Identification of two outer membrane proteins involved in the oxidation of sulphur compounds in Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Physiology and genetics of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Isolation and characterization of strains CVO and FWKOB, two novel nitrate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria isolated from oil field brine, Phylogenetic relationships of filamentous sulfur bacteria (Thiothrix spp. Origins of Life 8:173174. 11 157182, van der Graaf, A. Download preview PDF. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (1923- 1994) 9 Editions (1 volume each )-These are mainly phenetic First edition-1923 (one volume) Seventh edition-1957 (one volume) 8th edition-1975 (one volume) 9th . 166 181186, Davis, O. H., Doudoroff, M., Stanier, R. Y. University of London, London, England. Roy. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Two other bacteria belonging to the genus Thiobacillus and a novel group within the Oxalbacteraceae were enriched only on the MEBs and they had the genetic capacity for thiosulfate oxidation. Reisolation of the carbon monoxide utilizing hydrogen bacterium Pseudomonas carboxydovorans (Kistner) comb. Natl. 80 501507, Metzdorf, N., Kaltwasser, H. 1988 Utilization of organic compounds as the sole source of nitrogen by Thiobacillus thiooxidans Arch. Microbiol. Anammox or anaerobic ammonia oxidation is performed by marine bacteria, relatively recently discovered, that utilize nitrogen compounds as both electron acceptor and electron donor as a way for the cell to generate energy. 0000008410 00000 n Reduced sulfur, nitrogen and iron species and hydrogen are the most common substrates (Table 1). You can read the details below. How do free living nitrogen fixers and plant associated nitrogen fixers differ? A new proposal for the classification of prokaryotic organisms Mol. 9971004, Kelly, D. P. 1982 Biochemistry of the chemolithotrophic oxidation of inorganic sulphur Phil. Applications of sulfur oxidizing bacteria - ScienceDirect Our results show the dominance of chemolithotrophic processes on the surface of biochar and MEB that can contribute to carbon sequestration in soil. The chemotroph designation is in contrast to phototrophs, which use photons. 15. Thermochemistry is the part of thermodynamics that studies the relationship between heat and chemical reactions. 174 269278, Lewis, A. J., Miller, D. J. D. 1977 Stannous and cuprous iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans Can. 3 (microbial nutrition and cultivation), Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications), microbial nutrition and nutritional requirements dr. ihsan alsaimary, Biol101 chp4-pp-fall10-101004180751-phpapp02, Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Carbohydrates in Bacteria, Abasaheb Garware College, Department of Zoology, Karve road. (2006). 96 573574, Brierley, J. 29 695707, Hagen, K. D., Nelson, D. C. 1996 Organic carbon utilization by obligately and facultatively autotrophic Beggiatoa strains in homogeneous and gradient cultures Appl. The Chemolithotrophic Prokaryotes | SpringerLink in oxygen-sulfide gradients Appl. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. These bacteria are distinct from the sulfur bacteria that utilize sunlight. The acceptance of an electron by an oxygen atom creates water and sulfur. ." References We've encountered a problem, please try again. Theor. Bioleaching is a simple and effective technology for metal extraction from low-grade ores and mineral concentrates. A., de Bruijn, P., Robertson, L. A., Jetten, M. S. M., Kuenen, J. G. 1997 Metabolic pathway of anaerobic ammonium oxidation on the basis of 15N studies in a fluidized bed reactor Microbiology (UK) 143 24152421, van Gool, A., Tobback, P. P., Fischer, I. 1963 Thiobacillus intermedius nov. sp. 151 232237, Kristjansson, J. K., Ingason, A., Alfredsson, G. A. Chemolithotrophy & Nitrogen Metabolism - General Microbiology Its role in the metabolism of some chemolithotrophs is probably very ancient. 1986a Microoxic-anoxic niche of Beggiatoa spp. 171 219229, Kelly, D. P., Wood, A. P. 2000 The genus Thiobacillus Beijerinck N. R. Krieg, J. T. Staley, and D. J. Brenner (ed.s) Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology, 2nd ed. 0000055870 00000 n 17 491493, Burggraf, S., Olse, G. J., Stetter, K. O., Woese, C. R. 1992 A phylogenetic analysis of Aquifex pyrophilus Syst. That is, they derive their energy from the energy already stored in chemical compounds. Reviews of Pure and Applied Chemistry 17:124. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Energetic aspects of the metabolism of reduced sulphur compounds in Thiobacillus denitrificans. Nutritional types in bacteria: Chemolithotrophy. Natl. 62 947953, Nelson, D. C., Jannasch, H. W. 1983 Chemoautotrophic growth of a marine Beggiatoa in sulfide-gradient cultures Arch. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. In return for this, the worms supply a special type of hemoglobin they make as food for the bacteria. ), Comparative biochemistry, vol. Journal of General Microbiology 107:123130. Microbiol. 0000006497 00000 n Comparative metabolism of inorganic sulphur compounds in microorganisms. 0000043076 00000 n Brock, T. D., Gustafson, J. To process this carbon source, the bacteria require energy. 12. Most chemolithotrophs are autotrophs (chemolithoautotrophs), where they fix atmospheric carbon dioxide to assemble the organic compounds that they need. Aleem, M. I. H., Hoch, G. E., Varner, J. E. 1965. Examples of these proteins include ironsulfur proteins, hemoglobin, and coordination complexes. Microbiol. Zeitschrift fr Allgemeine Mikrobiologie 12:311346. There exist many inorganic electron donors that can fuel chemolithotrophs involving geologic, biologic, and anthropogenic sources. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Box 196, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0312, USA, Martin Dworkin Professor Dr. (Editor-in-Chief) (Editor-in-Chief), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University Medical School, 299 Campus Drive, Fairchild, D039, Stanford, CA, 94305-5124, USA, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978, Israel, Department of Microbiology, Technical University Munich, 80290, Munich, Germany, DSMZ- German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany, Kelly, D.P., Wood, A.P. A., de Bruijn, P., Robertson, L. A., Jetten, M. S. M., Kuenen, J. G. 1996 Autotrophic growth of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing micro-organisms in a fluidized bed reactor Microbiology (UK) 142 21872196, van der Graaf, A. Annual Review of Microbiology 28:85101. 167 218225, Schlegel, H. G. 1975 Mechanisms of chemoautotrophy O. Kinne (ed.) European Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 5:291299. But how much less than 32 molecules of ATP greatly depends upon the actual donor and acceptor being used. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Chemoautotrophic and Chemolithotrophic Bacteria. Ammonia assimilation occurs when the ammonia (NH3)/ammonium ion (NH4+) formed during nitrogen fixation is incorporated into cellular nitrogen. Biology of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in relation to the microbiological leaching of sulphide ores. nov Int. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. It is particularly important in the high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions, where the presence of micronutrients is mandatory for the total primary production.[11]. 1943 Biochemical problems of the chemoautotrophic bacteria Physiol. Archives of Microbiology 116:4149. Microbiol. 0000004523 00000 n CAS nov., a facultatively anaerobic, facultatively autotrophic sulphur bacterium J. Gen. Microbiol. Accordingly, it was . In a series of chemical reactions that is similar to those of the sulfur bacteria, iron bacteria oxidize iron compounds and use the energy gained from this reaction to drive the formation of carbohydrates. 152 3943, Nishihara, H., Igarashi, U., Kodawa, T. 1990 A new isolate of Hydrogenobacter, an obligately chemolithoautotrophic, thermophilic, halophilic and aerobic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium from a seaside saline hot spring Arch. Chemolitho (auto)trophic bacteria Elemental sulfur granules present in the tissues of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from a submerged cave in central Florida. 0000060061 00000 n nov., and Acidianus brierleyi comb. CrossRef Weinheim: Verlag Chemie. Autotrophy: Concepts of lithotrophic bacteria and their organic metabolism. (. Sci Total Environ. Indeed, the most dangerous for artifacts are the . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9212-1_53, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9212-1_53, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials Science. As with chemoorganotrophs, metabolism of chemolithotrophs requires ATP and NAD (P)H for carbon metabolism and biosynthetic processes. 0000043160 00000 n Rev. nov., represents a novel group of marine hyperthermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria Syst. PMC Microbiol. nov. by disproportionation of inorganic sulfur compounds Arch. 169 364368, Odintsova, E. V., Wood, A. P., Kelly, D. P. 1993 Chemolithoautotrophic growth of Thiothrix ramosa Arch. Using a non-oxygen acceptor allows chemolithotrophs to have greater diversity and the ability to live in a wider variety of environments, although they sacrifice energy production. Electron micrographs of GISH for OTU0001 on a mineral-enriched biochar particle. Microbiol. Leng L, Xu X, Wei L, Fan L, Huang H, Li J, Lu Q, Li J, Zhou W. Sci Total Environ. Thus, mixotrophy can enable these bacteria to dominate in mixed populations when both chemolithotrophic and chemoorganotrophic nutrients are present (Gottschal et al., 1979; Kelly and Kuenen, 1984). Abt. A non-nitrogen compound would serve as the electron acceptor. Chemolithotrophy (Chapter 10) - Bacterial Physiology and Metabolism Aleem, M. I. H. 1970. sp., a non-autotrophic Thiobacillus Arch. 0000022625 00000 n Bacterial leaching Verlag Chemie Weinheim. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. would otherwise be devoid of bacterial life. Energy-coupling mechanisms in chemolithotrophic bacteria. Autotrophic bacteria Springer-Verlag Berlin Science Tech Publishers Madison WI 193217, Kelly, D. P., Harrison, A. P. 1989 The genus Thiobacillus J. T. Staley (ed.) Z. The prokaryotes, 1st ed. 129 28472855, Robertson, L. A., Kuenen, J. G. 1991 The colorless sulfur bacteria A. Balows, H. G. Truper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder, and K.-H. Schleifer (ed.s) The prokaryotes, 2nd ed., Springer-Verlag New York NY 385413, Ruby, E. G., Wirsen, C. O., Jannasch, H. W. 1981 Chemolithotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from the Galapagos rift hydrothermal vents App.
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